A DNA Metabarcoding Workflow to Identify Species in Spices and Herbs

Abstract

Abstract Background Spices and herbs are food categories regularly cited as highly susceptible to be adulterated. To detect potential adulteration with undeclared species, DNA-based methods are considered the most suitable tools. Objective In this study, the performance of the ready-to-use Thermo Scientific™ NGS Food Authenticity Workflow (Thermo Fisher Scientific)—a commercial DNA metabarcoding approach—is described. The tool was further applied to analyze 272 commercial samples of spices and herbs. Method Pure samples of spices and herbs were analyzed with the Thermo Scientific NGS Food Authenticity Workflow to assess its specificity, and spikings down to 1% (w/w) allowed evaluation of its sensitivity. Commercial samples, 62 and 210, were collected in Asian and European markets, respectively. Results All tested species were correctly identified often down to the species level, while spikings at 1% (w/w) confirmed a limit of detection at this level, including in complex mixtures composed of five different spices and/or herbs. The analysis of 272 commercial samples showed that 78% were compliant with the declared content, whereas the rest were shown to contain undeclared species that were in a few cases allergenic or potentially toxic. Conclusions The Thermo Scientific NGS Food Authenticity Workflow was found to be suitable to identify food plant species in herbs and spices, not only when tested on pure samples, but also in mixtures down to 1% (w/w). The overall workflow is user-friendly and straightforward, which makes it simple to use and facilitates data interpretation. Highlights The Thermo Scientific NGS Food Authenticity Workflow was found to be suitable for species identification in herbs and spices, and it allowed the detection of undeclared species in commercial samples. Its ease of use facilitates its implementation in testing laboratories.