1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences and Institute of Eco‐ChongmingEast China Normal University Shanghai China
2. Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai China
3. Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences and Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown University Providence Rhode Island USA
4. State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal ResearchEast China Normal University Shanghai China