Clock-linked genes underlie seasonal migratory timing in a diurnal raptor

Author:

Bossu Christen M.12ORCID,Heath Julie A.3ORCID,Kaltenecker Gregory S.4ORCID,Helm Barbara5ORCID,Ruegg Kristen C.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA

2. Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

3. Raptor Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA

4. Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA

5. Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland

Abstract

Seasonal migration is a dynamic natural phenomenon that allows organisms to exploit favourable habitats across the annual cycle. While the morphological, physiological and behavioural changes associated with migratory behaviour are well characterized, the genetic basis of migration and its link to endogenous biological time-keeping pathways are poorly understood. Historically, genome-wide research has focused on genes of large effect, whereas many genes of small effect may work together to regulate complex traits like migratory behaviour. Here, we explicitly relax stringent outlier detection thresholds and, as a result, discover how multiple biological time-keeping genes are important to migratory timing in an iconic raptor species, the American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ). To validate the role of candidate loci in migratory timing, we genotyped kestrels captured across autumn migration and found significant associations between migratory timing and genetic variation in metabolic and light-input pathway genes that modulate biological clocks ( top1, phlpp1, cpne4 and peak1) . Further, we demonstrate that migrating individuals originated from a single panmictic source population, suggesting the existence of distinct early and late migratory genotypes (i.e. chronotypes). Overall, our results provide empirical support for the existence of a within-population-level polymorphism in genes underlying migratory timing in a diurnally migrating raptor.

Funder

National Geographic

National Science Foundation

California Energy Commission

Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program

NIH

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

Reference83 articles.

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2. Dingle H. 1996 Migration: the biology of life on the move. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

3. Newton I, Brockie K. 2008 The migration ecology of birds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

4. Endogenous Programs and Flexibility in Bird Migration

5. Timing avian long-distance migration: from internal clock mechanisms to global flights

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