Timing avian long-distance migration: from internal clock mechanisms to global flights

Author:

Åkesson Susanne1ORCID,Ilieva Mihaela12ORCID,Karagicheva Julia3ORCID,Rakhimberdiev Eldar34ORCID,Tomotani Barbara5ORCID,Helm Barbara6ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden

2. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria

3. Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

4. Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

5. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands

6. Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK

Abstract

Migratory birds regularly perform impressive long-distance flights, which are timed relative to the anticipated environmental resources at destination areas that can be several thousand kilometres away. Timely migration requires diverse strategies and adaptations that involve an intricate interplay between internal clock mechanisms and environmental conditions across the annual cycle. Here we review what challenges birds face during long migrations to keep track of time as they exploit geographically distant resources that may vary in availability and predictability, and summarize the clock mechanisms that enable them to succeed. We examine the following challenges: departing in time for spring and autumn migration, in anticipation of future environmental conditions; using clocks on the move, for example for orientation, navigation and stopover; strategies of adhering to, or adjusting, the time programme while fitting their activities into an annual cycle; and keeping pace with a world of rapidly changing environments. We then elaborate these themes by case studies representing long-distance migrating birds with different annual movement patterns and associated adaptations of their circannual programmes. We discuss the current knowledge on how endogenous migration programmes interact with external information across the annual cycle, how components of annual cycle programmes encode topography and range expansions, and how fitness may be affected when mismatches between timing and environmental conditions occur. Lastly, we outline open questions and propose future research directions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.

Funder

Vetenskapsrådet

Waddenfonds

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Reference188 articles.

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2. Jahresperiodik der Fortpflanzung bei Warmblütern;Aschoff J;Stud. Gen.,1955

3. Repeat Tracking of Individual Songbirds Reveals Consistent Migration Timing but Flexibility in Route

4. Circannual clocks in avian reproduction and migration

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