How birds dissipate heat before, during and after flight

Author:

Lewden Agnès12ORCID,Bishop Charles M.3,Askew Graham N.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

2. Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France

3. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK

Abstract

Animal flight uses metabolic energy at a higher rate than any other mode of locomotion. A relatively small proportion of the metabolic energy is converted into mechanical power; the remainder is given off as heat. Effective heat dissipation is necessary to avoid hyperthermia. In this study, we measured surface temperatures in lovebirds ( Agapornis personatus ) using infrared thermography and used heat transfer modelling to calculate heat dissipation by convection, radiation and conduction, before, during and after flight. The total non-evaporative rate of heat dissipation in flying birds was 12× higher than before flight and 19× higher than after flight. During flight, heat was largely dissipated by forced convection, via the exposed ventral wing areas, resulting in lower surface temperatures compared with birds at rest. When perched, both before and after exercise, the head and trunk were the main areas involved in dissipating heat. The surface temperature of the legs increased with flight duration and remained high on landing, suggesting that there was an increase in the flow of warmer blood to this region during and after flight. The methodology developed in this study to investigate how birds thermoregulate during flight could be used in future studies to assess the impact of climate change on the behavioural ecology of birds, particularly those species undertaking migratory flights.

Funder

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Biomedical Engineering,Biochemistry,Biomaterials,Bioengineering,Biophysics,Biotechnology

Cited by 4 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Temperature sensitivity of bat antibodies links metabolic state of bats with antigen-recognition diversity;Nature Communications;2024-07-13

2. Lovebird cooling before, after and on the fly;Journal of Experimental Biology;2024-03-01

3. Brain estrogen encourages egg ejection;Journal of Experimental Biology;2024-03-01

4. How birds dissipate heat before, during and after flight;Journal of The Royal Society Interface;2023-12

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