Formulation of a Synergistic Enzyme Cocktail for Controlled Degradation of Sorghum Grain Pericarp

Abstract

Sorghum is one of the major grains produced worldwide for food and fodder, owing to its nutritional profile advantages. However, the utilisation of whole grain sorghum as an ingredient in conventional food formulations is limited due to its poor digestibility, which requires the removal of the outer fibrous layers. Grain breakage and loss of essential nutrients also disadvantage traditional milling practices. Using carbohydrate degrading enzymes to hydrolyse the grain pericarp is a novel approach to biopolishing, where selective degradation of the pericarp layers occurs without adversely affecting the nutrient profile. A collective synergism of enzymes has been proven to cause effective hydrolysis compared to individual enzymes due to the complex presence of non-starch polysaccharides in the grain’s outer layers, which comprise a variety of sugars that show specific degradation with respect to each enzyme. The present study aimed to formulate such an enzyme cocktail with xylanase, cellulase, and pectinase in different proportions for hydrolysing sorghum grain pericarp by determining the yield of specific sugars in the pericarp extract after a certain period of incubation. The results showed that the xylanase enzyme has a major effect on the grain bran composition compared to cellulase and pectinase; however, a synergistic mixture yielded more hydrolysed sugars and anti-nutrients in the extract compared to each of the enzymes individually. The results were confirmed by morphological and crystallinity studies of the soaked grain. Compared to conventional water-soaked samples, grains soaked in a cocktail with 66.7% xylanase, 16.7% cellulase, and 16.7% pectinase had visibly thinner and more degraded fibre layers.