Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment

Author:

Henrich Joseph1,Ensminger Jean2,McElreath Richard3,Barr Abigail4,Barrett Clark5,Bolyanatz Alexander6,Cardenas Juan Camilo7,Gurven Michael8,Gwako Edwins9,Henrich Natalie10,Lesorogol Carolyn11,Marlowe Frank12,Tracer David13,Ziker John14

Affiliation:

1. Departments of Psychology and Economics, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.

2. Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

3. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

4. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK.

5. Department of Anthropology, University of California, 341 Haines Hall, Box 951553, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

6. Department of Anthropology, College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.

7. Facultad de Economia, Universidad de Los Andes, K1 Number 18A-70, Bogotá, Colombia.

8. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

9. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Guilford College, 5800 West Friendly Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27410, USA.

10. Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada.

11. George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

12. Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

13. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Post Office Box 173364, Campus Box 103, Denver, CO 80217, USA.

14. Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

Abstract

A Fair Society Many of the social interactions of everyday life, especially those involving economic exchange, take place between individuals who are unrelated to each other and often do not know each other. Countless laboratory experiments have documented the propensity of subjects to behave fairly in these interactions and to punish those participants deemed to have behaved unfairly. Henrich et al. (p. 1480 , see the Perspective by Hoff ) measured fairness in thousands of individuals from 15 contemporary, small-scale societies to gain an understanding of the evolution of trustworthy exchange among human societies. Fairness was quantitated using three economic games. Various societal parameters, such as the extent to which food was purchased versus produced, were also collected. Institutions, as represented by markets, community size, and adherence to a world religion all predict a greater exercise of fairness in social exchange.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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