The Association of High and Low Glycation With Incident Diabetic Retinopathy in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Background: We investigated the risk of incident diabetic retinopathy (DR) among high glycator compared to low glycator patients based on the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI). Visit-to-visit variations in HGI also were assessed. Methods: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and continuous glucose monitoring data were collected up to 7 years prior to the date of eye examination defining incident DR or no retinopathy (control). Hemoglobin glycation index was calculated as difference in measured HbA1c and an estimated A1c from sensor glucose (eA1c) to define high (HbA1c − eA1c >0%) or low (HbA1c − eA1c <0%) glycator. Stable glycators were defined as ≥75% of visits with same HGI category. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between glycation category and incident DR. Results: Of 119 adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 49 (41%) were stable low glycator (HbA1c − eA1c <0%), 36 (30%) were stable high glycator (HbA1c − eA1c >0%), and 34 (29%) were unstable glycator. Using alternate criteria to define high vs low glycator (consistent difference in HbA1c − eA1c of > 0.4% or <0.4%, respectively), 53% of the adults were characterized as unstable glycator. Compared to low glycators, high glycators did not have a significantly higher risk for incident DR over time when adjusted for age, T1D duration and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor type (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48-3.62, P = .15). Conclusions: The risk of diabetic retinopathy was not found to differ significantly comparing high glycators to low glycators in adults with T1D. Moreover, HbA1c − eA1c relationship was not stable in nearly 30% to 50% adults with T1D, suggesting that discordance in HbA1c and eA1c are mostly related either HbA1c measurements or estimation of A1c from sensor glucose rather than physiological reasons.