UPLC–MS-Based Procedures to Detect Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors of HIF in Urine

Abstract

Abstract This article presents newly developed screening and confirmation analytical procedures to detect the misuse of nine prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors of the hypoxia-inducible factor: daprodustat, desidustat, FG2216, IOX2, IOX4, JNJ-42041935, molidustat, roxadustat and vadadustat, targeting either the parent drugs and/or their main metabolite(s). For the sample pretreatment, different extraction protocols and technologies were evaluated. The instrumental analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to either high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column, employing water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid, as mobile phase. Detection was achieved using as analyzer either a triple quadrupole or an Orbitrap, with positive and negative electrospray ionization and different acquisition modes. Validation of the procedures was performed according to the ISO 17025 and World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. The methods do not show any significant interference at the retention times of the analytes of interest. The extraction efficiency was estimated to be greater than 75% for all analytes and the matrix effect smaller than 35%. Detection capability was determined in the range of 0.25–2.0 for the screening procedure and in the range of 0.5–2.0 ng/mL for the confirmation procedure, that is, in a range of concentration small enough to reveal the abuse of the compounds considered, in case they are used as performance-enhancing agents. The repeatability of the relative retention times (CV% < 0.5) and of the relative abundances of the selected ion transitions, considered only in the case of triple quadrupole (CV% < 15), was confirmed to be fit for purpose to ensure the unambiguous identification of all the target analytes in human urine. The applicability of the newly developed methods was verified by the analysis of urine samples containing molidustat, roxadustat or daprodustat. The developed procedures enabled to detect the compounds under investigation and their main metabolites.