Vitamin D levels in primary care patients: correlations with clinical, seasonal, and quality-of-life parameters

Abstract

Abstract Background The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies across countries and few data exist in the adult population in Greece. Objectives To assess vitamin D levels in unselected patients from primary care and to investigate possible correlations with clinical, seasonal, and quality-of-life parameters. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 389 consecutive patients were included. They were grouped according to vitamin D status as vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL) and vitamin D sufficient groups (≥20 ng/mL). Demographic, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) scores were measured and compared between groups. Results Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in 50.4% of the cohort. Female gender (76% vs 66%, P = 0.026), obesity (42% vs 26%, P = 0.005), and hypertension (55% vs 43%, P = 0.023) were higher in the vitamin D deficiency group compared with the group without deficiency. After multiparametric adjustments (for age, gender, obesity, comorbidities, and seasonality), hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 2.338, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.257–4.349, P = 0.007), excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS >10; OR = 3.345, 95% CI = 1.124–9.948, P = 0.029), depressive symptoms (BDI >10; OR = 3.769, 95% CI = 0.984–14.443, P = 0.04), and fatigue (FSS >36; OR = 7.157, 95% CI = 0.855–59.877, P = 0.04) showed significant independent associations with vitamin D deficiency in specific subgroups of patients. Conclusion A large proportion of patients in primary care had vitamin D deficiency, independently associated with hypertension, sleepiness, depressive symptoms, and fatigue. Further research is needed in order to determine the role of vitamin D in these patients.