Evaluating a pattern of ecological character displacement: charr jaw morphology and diet diverge in sympatry versus allopatry across catchments in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract

AbstractSimilar species that overlap in sympatry may diverge in characters related to resource use as a result of evolution or phenotypic plasticity. Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma) and whitespotted charr (S. leucomaenis) overlap along streams in Hokkaido, Japan, and compete by interference for invertebrate drift-foraging positions. Previous research has shown that as drift declines during summer, Dolly Varden shift foraging modes to capture benthic prey, a behaviour facilitated by their subterminal jaw morphology. We compare body and jaw morphology of Dolly Varden in sympatry vs. allopatry in two locations to test for character displacement. Statistical analysis showed significant divergence in characters related to foraging, which was correlated with variation in individual charr diets. Dolly Varden in sympatry had shorter heads and lower jaws than in allopatry, and even within sites charr with these characteristics fed less on drifting terrestrial invertebrates but more on benthic aquatic invertebrates. Those in allopatry had longer heads and lower jaws, and fed more on terrestrial invertebrates. The close proximity of sites in one stream suggests that Dolly Varden may display phenotypic plasticity similar to other charr, allowing rapid responses in morphology to the presence of competitors. These morphological shifts probably help them maintain positive fitness when competing with whitespotted charr in Hokkaido streams.