Detection of new methanol maser transitions associated with G358.93−0.03

Author:

MacLeod G C12,Sugiyama K3,Hunter T R4,Quick J2,Baan W5ORCID,Breen S L6ORCID,Brogan C L4,Burns R A37ORCID,Caratti o Garatti A8,Chen X910,Chibueze J O1112,Houde M1ORCID,Kaczmarek J F13ORCID,Linz H14,Rajabi F1516,Saito Y17,Schmidl S18,Sobolev A M19,Stecklum B18,van den Heever S P2,Yonekura Y17

Affiliation:

1. The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

2. Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 443, Krugersdorp 1741, South Africa

3. Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

4. NRAO, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

5. Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, ASTRON, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, the Netherlands

6. Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

7. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea

8. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Astronomy and Astrophysics Section, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, D02 XF86, Dublin 2, Ireland

9. Center for Astrophysics, GuangZhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

10. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, China

11. Space Research Unit, Physics Department, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

12. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Carver Building, 1 University Road, 410001, Nsukka Nigeria

13. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, CSIRO Parkes Observatory, PO Box 276 Parkes, NSW 2870, Australia

14. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

15. Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada

16. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

17. Center for Astronomy, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan

18. Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

19. Astronomical Observatory, Institute for Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia

Abstract

ABSTRACT We report the detection of new 12.178, 12.229, 20.347, and 23.121 GHz methanol masers in the massive star-forming region G358.93−0.03, which are flaring on similarly short time-scales (days) as the 6.668 GHz methanol masers also associated with this source. The brightest 12.178 GHz channel increased by a factor of over 700 in just 50 d. The masers found in the 12.229 and 20.347 GHz methanol transitions are the first ever reported and this is only the fourth object to exhibit associated 23.121 GHz methanol masers. The 12.178 GHz methanol maser emission appears to have a higher flux density than that of the 6.668 GHz emission, which is unusual. No associated near-infrared flare counterpart was found, suggesting that the energy source of the flare is deeply embedded.

Funder

National Science Foundation

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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