A pulsar-based time-scale from the International Pulsar Timing Array

Author:

Hobbs G1ORCID,Guo L2,Caballero R N34,Coles W5,Lee K J3,Manchester R N1,Reardon D J6ORCID,Matsakis D7,Tong M L8,Arzoumanian Z9,Bailes M6,Bassa C G10,Bhat N D R11,Brazier A1213,Burke-Spolaor S1415,Champion D J4ORCID,Chatterjee S12,Cognard I1617,Dai S1,Desvignes G4,Dolch T18,Ferdman R D19,Graikou E4,Guillemot L1617,Janssen G H1020,Keith M J21,Kerr M22ORCID,Kramer M4,Lam M T14,Liu K4,Lyne A21,Lazio T J W22,Lynch R1423,McKee J W4ORCID,McLaughlin M A1415,Mingarelli C M F24,Nice D J25,Osłowski S6ORCID,Pennucci T T26,Perera B B P21ORCID,Perrodin D27,Possenti A2728,Russell C J29,Sanidas S21,Sesana A30,Shaifullah G10ORCID,Shannon R M631,Simon J32,Spiewak R6,Stairs I H33,Stappers B W21,Swiggum J K34,Taylor S R35,Theureau G161736,Toomey L1,van Haasteren R32,Wang J B37,Wang Y38ORCID,Zhu X J39ORCID

Affiliation:

1. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

2. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Shanghai 200030, China

3. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China

4. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

5. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

6. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

7. U.S. Naval Observatory, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington D.C., 20375, USA

8. National Time Service Center, CAS, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710600, China

9. Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

10. ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, the Netherlands

11. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

12. Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

13. Cornell Center for Advanced Computing, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

14. Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

15. Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA

16. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace LPC2E CNRS-Université d’Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France

17. Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS/INSU F-18330 Nancay, France

18. Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA

19. University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

20. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands

21. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

22. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA

23. Green Bank Observatory, PO Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA

24. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010, USA

25. Physics Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18901, USA

26. Hungarian Academy of Sciences MTA-ELTE ‘Extragalatic Astrophysics’ Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Budapest 1117, Hungary

27. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy

28. Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dip. Fisica, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy

29. CSIRO Scientific Computing, Australian Technology Park, Locked Bag 9013, Alexandria, NSW 1435, Australia

30. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

31. Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Gravitational-Wave Discovery

32. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

33. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

34. Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

35. TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, MC 350-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

36. Laboratoire Univers et Théories LUTh, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS/INSU, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France

37. Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

38. School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China

39. Monash Centre for Astrophysics (MoCA), School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia

Abstract

ABSTRACT We have constructed a new time-scale, TT(IPTA16), based on observations of radio pulsars presented in the first data release from the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA). We used two analysis techniques with independent estimates of the noise models for the pulsar observations and different algorithms for obtaining the pulsar time-scale. The two analyses agree within the estimated uncertainties and both agree with TT(BIPM17), a post-corrected time-scale produced by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). We show that both methods could detect significant errors in TT(BIPM17) if they were present. We estimate the stability of the atomic clocks from which TT(BIPM17) is derived using observations of four rubidium fountain clocks at the US Naval Observatory. Comparing the power spectrum of TT(IPTA16) with that of these fountain clocks suggests that pulsar-based time-scales are unlikely to contribute to the stability of the best time-scales over the next decade, but they will remain a valuable independent check on atomic time-scales. We also find that the stability of the pulsar-based time-scale is likely to be limited by our knowledge of solar-system dynamics, and that errors in TT(BIPM17) will not be a limiting factor for the primary goal of the IPTA, which is to search for the signatures of nano-Hertz gravitational waves.

Funder

National Science Foundation

European Research Council

Science and Technology Facilities Council

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

National Natural Science Foundation of China

National Basic Research Program of China

Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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