Microbial and Metabolite Signatures of Stress Reactivity in Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Clinical Remission Predict Clinical Flare Risk

Abstract

Abstract Background Stress reactivity (SR) is associated with increased risk of flares in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Because both preclinical and clinical data support that stress can influence gut microbiome composition and function, we investigated whether microbiome profiles of SR exist in UC. Methods Ninety-one UC subjects in clinical and biochemical remission were classified into high and low SR groups by questionnaires. Baseline and longitudinal characterization of the intestinal microbiome was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal and plasma global untargeted metabolomics. Microbe, fecal metabolite, and plasma metabolite abundances were analyzed separately to create random forest classifiers for high SR and biomarker-derived SR scores. Results High SR reactivity was characterized by altered abundance of fecal microbes, primarily in the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families; fecal metabolites including reduced levels of monoacylglycerols (endocannabinoid-related) and bile acids; and plasma metabolites including increased 4-ethyl phenyl sulfate, 1-arachidonoylglycerol (endocannabinoid), and sphingomyelin. Classifiers generated from baseline microbe, fecal metabolite, and plasma metabolite abundance distinguished high vs low SR with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81, 0.83, and 0.91, respectively. Stress reactivity scores derived from these classifiers were significantly associated with flare risk during 6 to 24 months of follow-up, with odds ratios of 3.8, 4.1, and 4.9. Clinical flare and intestinal inflammation did not alter fecal microbial abundances but attenuated fecal and plasma metabolite differences between high and low SR. Conclusions High SR in UC is characterized by microbial signatures that predict clinical flare risk, suggesting that the microbiome may contribute to stress-induced UC flares.