The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 <i>past1000</i> simulations
-
Published:2017-11-07
Issue:11
Volume:10
Page:4005-4033
-
ISSN:1991-9603
-
Container-title:Geoscientific Model Development
-
language:en
-
Short-container-title:Geosci. Model Dev.
Author:
Jungclaus Johann H., Bard Edouard, Baroni Mélanie, Braconnot Pascale, Cao Jian, Chini Louise P.ORCID, Egorova TaniaORCID, Evans MichaelORCID, González-Rouco J. Fidel, Goosse HuguesORCID, Hurtt George C.ORCID, Joos FortunatORCID, Kaplan Jed O.ORCID, Khodri MyriamORCID, Klein Goldewijk KeesORCID, Krivova Natalie, LeGrande Allegra N., Lorenz Stephan J., Luterbacher Jürg, Man Wenmin, Maycock Amanda C., Meinshausen MalteORCID, Moberg AndersORCID, Muscheler RaimundORCID, Nehrbass-Ahles ChristophORCID, Otto-Bliesner Bette I.ORCID, Phipps Steven J.ORCID, Pongratz JuliaORCID, Rozanov EugeneORCID, Schmidt Gavin A.ORCID, Schmidt HaukeORCID, Schmutz WernerORCID, Schurer Andrew, Shapiro Alexander I., Sigl Michael, Smerdon Jason E., Solanki Sami K., Timmreck ClaudiaORCID, Toohey MatthewORCID, Usoskin Ilya G.ORCID, Wagner Sebastian, Wu Chi-Ju, Yeo Kok Leng, Zanchettin Davide, Zhang QiongORCID, Zorita EduardoORCID
Abstract
Abstract. The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data).
Funder
European Research Council Seventh Framework Programme Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Academy of Finland Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Reference184 articles.
1. Ammann, C. M., Joos, F., Schimel, D. S., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., and Tomas, R. A.: Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 3713–3718, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605064103, 2007. 2. Anchukaitis, K. J., Buckley, B. N., Cook, E. R., Cook, B. I., D'Arrigo, R. D., and Ammann, C. M.: The influence of volcanic eruptions on the climate of the Asian monsoon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L22703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044843, 2010. 3. Anchukaitis, K., Breitenmoser, P., Briffa K., Buchwal, A., Büntgen, U., Cook E., D'Arrigo, R., Esper, J., Evans, M., Frank, D., Grudd, H., Gunnarson, B., Hughes, M., Kirdyanov, A., Körner, C., Krusic, P., Luckman, B., Melvin, T., Salzer, M., Shashkin, A., Timmreck, C., Vaganov, E., and Wilson, R.: Tree-rings and volcanic cooling, Nat. Geosci., 5, 836–837, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1645, 2012. 4. Anet, J. G., Muthers, S., Rozanov, E. V., Raible, C. C., Stenke, A., Shapiro, A. I., Brönnimann, S., Arfeuille, F., Brugnara, Y., Beer, J., Steinhilber, F., Schmutz, W., and Peter, T.: Impact of solar versus volcanic activity variations on tropospheric temperatures and precipitation during the Dalton Minimum, Clim. Past, 10, 921–938, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-921-2014, 2014. 5. Atwood, A. R., Wu, E., Frierson, D. M. W., Battisti, D. S., and Sachs, J. P.: Quantifying climate forcings and feedbacks over the last millennium in the CMIP5/PMIP3 models, J. Climate, 29, 1161–1178, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0063.1, 2016.
Cited by
152 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献
|
|