Evaluating the Diurnal Cycle of Upper-Tropospheric Ice Clouds in Climate Models Using SMILES Observations

Author:

Jiang Jonathan H.1,Su Hui1,Zhai Chengxing1,Janice Shen T.1,Wu Tongwen2,Zhang Jie2,Cole Jason N. S.3,von Salzen Knut3,Donner Leo J.4,Seman Charles4,Del Genio Anthony5,Nazarenko Larissa S.5,Dufresne Jean-Louis6,Watanabe Masahiro7,Morcrette Cyril8,Koshiro Tsuyoshi9,Kawai Hideaki9,Gettelman Andrew10,Millán Luis1,Read William G.1,Livesey Nathaniel J.1,Kasai Yasko11,Shiotani Masato12

Affiliation:

1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

2. Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China

3. Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

4. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

5. Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York

6. Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France

7. Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

8. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

9. Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

10. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

11. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan

12. Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Abstract

Abstract Upper-tropospheric ice cloud measurements from the Superconducting Submillimeter Limb Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station (ISS) are used to study the diurnal cycle of upper-tropospheric ice cloud in the tropics and midlatitudes (40°S–40°N) and to quantitatively evaluate ice cloud diurnal variability simulated by 10 climate models. Over land, the SMILES-observed diurnal cycle has a maximum around 1800 local solar time (LST), while the model-simulated diurnal cycles have phases differing from the observed cycle by −4 to 12 h. Over ocean, the observations show much smaller diurnal cycle amplitudes than over land with a peak at 1200 LST, while the modeled diurnal cycle phases are widely distributed throughout the 24-h period. Most models show smaller diurnal cycle amplitudes over ocean than over land, which is in agreement with the observations. However, there is a large spread of modeled diurnal cycle amplitudes ranging from 20% to more than 300% of the observed over both land and ocean. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the observed and model-simulated variations of ice clouds finds that the first EOF modes over land from both observation and model simulations explain more than 70% of the ice cloud diurnal variations and they have similar spatial and temporal patterns. Over ocean, the first EOF from observation explains 26.4% of the variance, while the first EOF from most models explains more than 70%. The modeled spatial and temporal patterns of the leading EOFs over ocean show large differences from observations, indicating that the physical mechanisms governing the diurnal cycle of oceanic ice clouds are more complicated and not well simulated by the current climate models.

Publisher

American Meteorological Society

Subject

Atmospheric Science

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