Exposure of Staphylococcus aureus to Targocil Blocks Translocation of the Major Autolysin Atl across the Membrane, Resulting in a Significant Decrease in Autolysis

Abstract

ABSTRACT Peptidoglycan (PG) and wall teichoic acid (WTA) are the major staphylococcal cell wall components, and WTA biosynthesis has recently been explored for drug development. Targocil is a novel agent that targets the TarG subunit of the WTA translocase (TarGH) that transports WTA across the membrane to the wall. Previously we showed that targocil treatment of a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strain led to a rapid shut down of cellular autolysis. Targocil II, which targets the TarH subunit of TarGH, also resulted in a drastic decrease in autolysis. Here, we address the mechanism of targocil-mediated decreased autolysis. The mechanism is WTA dependent since targocil treatment decreased autolysis in methicillin-resistant strains but not in a WTA-deficient mutant. Similar to cellular autolysis, autolysin-retaining crude cell walls isolated from targocil-treated cells had vastly decreased autolytic activity compared to those from untreated cells. Purified cell walls from control and targocil-treated cells, which lack autolytic activity, were similarly susceptible to lysozyme and lysostaphin and had similar O-acetyl contents, indicating that targocil treatment did not grossly alter PG structure and chemistry. Purified cell walls from targocil-treated cells were highly susceptible to autolysin extracts, supporting the notion that targocil treatment led to decreased autolysin in the crude cell walls. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the decrease in autolysis in the targocil-exposed cells was not due to transcriptional repression of the autolysin genes atl , lytM , lytN , and sle1 . Zymographic analysis of peptidoglycan hydrolase profiles showed a deficiency of cell surface autolysins in targocil-treated cells but higher activity in cell membrane fractions. Here, we propose that the untranslocated WTA molecules in the targocil-exposed cells sequester Atl at the membrane, resulting in significantly decreased autolysis.