Temporal Dynamics of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Seed Alfalfa Fields of Southern Alberta, Canada

Abstract

Blossom blight of seed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), caused by the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a potentially devastating disease on the Canadian Prairies in moist growing seasons. Monitoring the airborne spore concentrations of these pathogens could facilitate disease forecasting in the region. Nineteen seed alfalfa fields in southern Alberta, Canada were assessed throughout the growing seasons of 2014 and 2015. Trace levels of blossom blight symptoms were found in both years; however, plated floret and pod samples indicated that, overall, B. cinerea increased over the growing season whereas S. sclerotiorum decreased. In both seasons, Burkard 7-day volumetric spore samplers collected daily aerosol samples, and weather stations recorded environmental variables in three fields. Conidia and ascospores collected were quantified each day with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Spore quantification indicated that both B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum numbers remained low in July and increased in August. Both species had multiple days with high spore discharge, with seasonal maxima of 21,137 conidia and 2,265 ascospores. Exploratory model development indicated that spore discharge of both fungi is associated with environmental stressors such as large changes in relative humidity or high temperatures on preceding days.