Affiliation:
1. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, 06340 Groton, CT, USA
Abstract
Despite the remarkable expansion of laboratory studies, robust estimates of single species CO
2
sensitivities remain largely elusive. We conducted a meta-analysis of 20 CO
2
exposure experiments conducted over 6 years on offspring of wild Atlantic silversides (
Menidia menidia
) to robustly constrain CO
2
effects on early life survival and growth. We conclude that early stages of this species are generally tolerant to CO
2
levels of approximately 2000 µatm, likely because they already experience these conditions on diel to seasonal timescales. Still, high CO
2
conditions measurably reduced fitness in this species by significantly decreasing average embryo survival (−9%) and embryo+larval survival (−13%). Survival traits had much larger coefficients of variation (greater than 30%) than larval length or growth (3–11%). CO
2
sensitivities varied seasonally and were highest at the beginning and end of the species' spawning season (April–July), likely due to the combined effects of transgenerational plasticity and maternal provisioning. Our analyses suggest that serial experimentation is a powerful, yet underused tool for robustly estimating small but true CO
2
effects in fish early life stages.
Funder
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Subject
General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
Cited by
17 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献