Are the severity of obstruction and the apnea–hypopnea index related to orofacial anatomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea? a kinetic MRI study

Abstract

Objectives: The proportionality between anatomical characteristics and disease severity in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been well characterized. The present study investigated the relationship between the dentoskeletal and oropharyngeal features of young patients with OSA and either the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) or the amount of upper airway obstruction. Methods: MRI of 25 patients (8- to 18-year-old) with OSA (mean AHI = 4.3 events/h) was retrospectively analyzed. Sleep kinetic MRI (kMRI) was used to assess airway obstruction, and static MRI (sMRI) was used to assess dentoskeletal, soft tissue, and airway parameters. Factors related to AHI and obstruction severity were identified with multiple linear regression (significance level α = 0.05). Results: As evidenced by kMRI, circumferential obstruction was present in 44% of patients, while laterolateral and anteroposterior was present in 28%; as evidenced by kMRI, obstructions were retropalatal in 64% of cases and retroglossal in 36% (no nasopharyngeal obstructions); kMRI showed a higher prevalence of retroglossal obstructions compared to sMRI(p = 0.037); the main obstruction airway area was not related to AHI; the maxillary skeletal width was related to AHI (β = −0.512, p = 0.007) and obstruction severity (β = 0.625, p = 0.002); and the retropalatal width was related to AHI (β = −0.384, p = 0.024) and obstruction severity (β = 0.519, p = 0.006). Conclusions: In children and adolescents, the severity of OSA and obstruction were inversely proportional to the maxillary basal width and retropalatal airway width. Further studies are needed to assess the benefits of targeted clinical treatments widening the transverse dimension of these structures.