Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Mediator Linking Peripheral to Central Inflammation: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

In this study, the plausible role of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota metabolite, was investigated as a link between peripheral inflammation and the inflammation of the central nervous system using different cell lines. TMAO treatment favored the differentiation of adipocytes from preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell line). In macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line), which infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity, TMAO increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The treatment with 200 μM of TMAO seemed to disrupt the blood–brain barrier as it induced a significant decrease in the expression of occludin in hCMECs. TMAO also increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary neuronal cultures, induced a pro-inflammatory state in primary microglial cultures, and promoted phagocytosis. Data obtained from this project suggest that microbial dysbiosis and increased TMAO secretion could be a key link between peripheral and central inflammation. Thus, TMAO-decreasing compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.