Efficient Fourth-Order Scheme for Multiple Zeros: Applications and Convergence Analysis in Real-Life and Academic Problems

Abstract

High-order iterative techniques without derivatives for multiple roots have wide-ranging applications in the following: optimization tasks, where the objective function lacks explicit derivatives or is computationally expensive to evaluate; engineering; design finance; data science; and computational physics. The versatility and robustness of derivative-free fourth-order methods make them a valuable tool for tackling complex real-world optimization challenges. An optimal extension of the Traub–Steffensen technique for finding multiple roots is presented in this work. In contrast to past studies, the new expanded technique effectively handles functions with multiple zeros. In addition, a theorem is presented to analyze the convergence order of the proposed technique. We also examine the convergence analysis for four real-life problems, namely, Planck’s law radiation, Van der Waals, the Manning equation for isentropic supersonic flow, the blood rheology model, and two well-known academic problems. The efficiency of the approach and its convergence behavior are studied, providing valuable insights for practical and academic applications.