BLE-Based Indoor Localization: Analysis of Some Solutions for Performance Improvement
Author:
Milano Filippo1ORCID, da Rocha Helbert23ORCID, Laracca Marco4ORCID, Ferrigno Luigi1ORCID, Espírito Santo António23ORCID, Salvado José23ORCID, Paciello Vincenzo5ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy 2. Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal 3. Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 4. Department of Astronautics, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy 5. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
Abstract
This paper addresses indoor localization using an anchor-based system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.0 technology, adopting the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for the distance estimation. Different solutions have been proposed in the scientific literature to improve the performance of this localization technology, but a detailed performance comparison of these solutions is still missing. The aim of this work is to make an experimental analysis combining different solutions for the performance improvement of BLE-based indoor localization, identifying the most effective one. The considered solutions involve different RSSI signals’ conditioning, the use of anchor–tag distance estimation techniques, as well as approaches for estimating the unknown tag position. An experimental campaign was executed in a complex indoor environment, characterized by the continuous presence in the movement of working staff and numerous obstacles. The exploitation of multichannel transmission using RSSI signal aggregation techniques showed the greater performance improvement of the localization system, reducing the positioning error (from 1.5 m to about 1 m). The other examined solutions have shown a lesser impact in the performance improvement with a decrease or an increase in the positioning errors, depending on the considered combination of the adopted solutions.
Funder
Project GreenAuto: Green Innovation for the Automotive Industry Recovery and Resilience Plan and by European Funds NextGenerationEU
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