Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Periapical Periodontitis on Two-Dimensional Radiographs: A Retrospective Study and Literature Review

Author:

Issa Julien12ORCID,Jaber Mouna3,Rifai Ismail4,Mozdziak Paul56ORCID,Kempisty Bartosz6789,Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska Marta1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Diagnostics, University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland

2. Doctoral School, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland

3. Faculty of Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland

4. Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain

5. Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

6. Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

7. Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland

8. Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland

9. Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence in detecting apical pathosis on periapical radiographs. A total of twenty anonymized periapical radiographs were retrieved from the database of Poznan University of Medical Sciences. These radiographs displayed a sequence of 60 visible teeth. The evaluation of the radiographs was conducted using two methods (manual and automatic), and the results obtained from each technique were afterward compared. For the ground-truth method, one oral and maxillofacial radiology expert with more than ten years of experience and one trainee in oral and maxillofacial radiology evaluated the radiographs by classifying teeth as healthy and unhealthy. A tooth was considered unhealthy when periapical periodontitis related to this tooth had been detected on the radiograph. At the same time, a tooth was classified as healthy when no periapical radiolucency was detected on the periapical radiographs. Then, the same radiographs were evaluated by artificial intelligence, Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA). Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA) correctly identified periapical lesions on periapical radiographs with a sensitivity of 92.30% and identified healthy teeth with a specificity of 97.87%. The recorded accuracy and F1 score were 96.66% and 0.92, respectively. The artificial intelligence algorithm misdiagnosed one unhealthy tooth (false negative) and over-diagnosed one healthy tooth (false positive) compared to the ground-truth results. Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA) showed an optimum accuracy for detecting periapical periodontitis on periapical radiographs. However, more research is needed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based algorithms in dentistry.

Funder

National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture Animal Health

STER Internationalization of Doctoral Schools Program from NAWA Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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