Impact of the Inoculation Method of Geotrichum candidum, Used as Biocontrol Agent, on T-2 Toxin Produced by Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae during the Malting Process

Abstract

In malt production, steeping and germination steps offer favorable environmental conditions for fungal proliferation when barley is already contaminated by Fusarium species, T-2 toxin producers. However, the use of G. candidum as a biocontrol agent can prevent this proliferation. Indeed, in previous work, a correlation between phenyllactic acid (PLA) production by G. candidum and the reduction in Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae growth and T-2 toxin concentration was demonstrated. In the present study, to improve the efficiency of G. candidum, the effects of the inoculum concentration and the inoculation method of G. candidum on PLA and T-2 toxin concentrations were evaluated. First, co-culture experiments with Fusarium species and G. candidum were conducted in a liquid synthetic medium. The results showed that inoculation of G. candidum in the freeze-dried form at 0.4 g/L allowed the production of PLA from the second day of incubation associated with a reduction in T-2 toxin concentration of 82% and 69% produced by F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae, respectively. Moreover, the activated form of G. candidum at 0.4 g/L enhanced PLA concentration leading to better T-2 toxin reduction. Second, experiments were conducted on artificially infected barley kernels with both Fusarium species under conditions mimicking the malting step. As for co-culture experiments, the use of the activated form of G. candidum was established as the best condition for T-2 toxin concentration reduction for a 3 day malting period.