Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers

Author:

Ureta-Velasco Noelia1ORCID,Keller Kristin2,Escuder-Vieco Diana2,Fontecha Javier3ORCID,Calvo María V.3ORCID,Megino-Tello Javier3,Serrano José C. E.4ORCID,Romero Ferreiro Carmen56ORCID,García-Lara Nadia Raquel12ORCID,Pallás-Alonso Carmen R.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain

2. “Aladina-MGU”—Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain

3. Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain

4. Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain

5. Scientific Support Unit, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain

6. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain

Abstract

Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs’ milk was shown to be different from the Donors’ milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin.

Funder

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)—the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation

RETICS “Maternal and Child Health and Development Network”

Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Food Science,Nutrition and Dietetics

Reference158 articles.

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2. World Health Organization (2023, April 05). Guidelines on Optimal Feeding of Low Birth-Weight Infants in Low-and Middle-Income Countries, Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85670.

3. AAP Comittee on Nutrition, AAP Section on breastfeeding, and AAP Comittee on Fetus and Newbornborn (2017). Donor human milk for the high- risk infant: Preparation, safety, and usage options in the United States. Pediatrics, 139, e20163440.

4. Processing of Donor Human Milk: Update and Recommendations from the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA);Moro;Front. Pediatr.,2019

5. The nutritional composition and energy content of donor human milk: A systematic review;Perrin;Adv. Nutr.,2020

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