Challenges and Opportunities in the Internet of Intelligence of Things in Higher Education—Towards Bridging Theory and Practice

Abstract

The application of the Internet of Things is increasing in momentum as advances in artificial intelligence exponentially increase its integration. This has caused continuous shifts in the Internet of Things paradigm with increasing levels of complexity. Consequently, researchers, practitioners, and governments continue facing evolving challenges, making it more difficult to adapt. This is especially true in the education sector, which is the focus of this article. The overall purpose of this study is to explore the application of IoT and artificial intelligence in education and, more specifically, learning. Our methodology follows four research questions. We first report the results of a systematic literature review on the Internet of Intelligence of Things (IoIT) in education. Secondly, we develop a corresponding conceptual model, followed thirdly by an exploratory pilot survey conducted on a group of educators from around the world to get insights on their knowledge and use of the Internet of Things in their classroom, thereby providing a better understanding of issues, such as knowledge, use, and their readiness to integrate IoIT. We finally present the application of the IoITE conceptual model in teaching and learning through four use cases. Our review of publications shows that research in the IoITE is scarce. This is even more so if we consider its application to learning. Analysis of the survey results finds that educators, in general, are lacking in their readiness to innovate with the Internet of Things in learning. Use cases highlight IoITE possibilities and its potential to explore and exploit. Challenges are identified and discussed.