1. International Doctoral Innovation Centre University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo China
2. Department of Civil Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo China
3. Department of Land Surveying and Geo‐Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong China
4. School of Computer Science University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo China
5. Nottingham Geospatial Institute University of Nottingham Nottingham UK