Impact of intra‐decadal variability of meridional heat transport on the rainfall over Southern Africa during austral summer

Abstract

AbstractThe present study examines the impact of intra‐decadal variability of Meridional Heat Transport (MHT) associated with Indian Ocean Shallow Meridional Overturning Circulation (SMOC) on the rainfall variability over Southern Africa (e.g., Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, south‐eastern Congo, Zimbabwe, southern Tanzania and Madagascar) during austral summer (December to February). Century long ocean reanalysis, atmospheric reanalysis and rainfall observations are used for the study. Spectrum analysis of MHT index and rainfall anomaly displays intra‐decadal (5–7 years) variability significant at 95% confidence level. The oceanic and atmospheric conditions during strong and weak phases of intra‐decadal MHT variability are examined. Strong (weak) MHT years displayed reduction (increase) in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in southwest Indian Ocean, which are out‐of‐phase with net heat flux but in phase with ocean circulation. The negative (positive) SST anomaly favours positive (negative) sea level pressure anomaly, which supports the low level moisture divergence (convergence) and anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation in the lower troposphere. This circulation leads to anomalous subsidence (convection) and below (above) normal moist static energy over the study region resulting in below (above) normal convection, that causes negative (positive) rainfall anomaly over the Southern Africa. The association between intra‐decadal variability of MHT associated with SMOC and rainfall over Southern Africa during austral summer are reported for the first time. The study may pave the way for enhanced predictability of intra‐decadal Southern African austral summer rainfall.