1. Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
2. Department of Computer & Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
3. School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
4. School of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
5. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hazara University Mansehra, Dhodial, Pakistan