Dissecting Sex-Related Cognition between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Strategies

Author:

Ashraf Ghulam Md12ORCID,Ebada Mahmoud Ahmed34,Suhail Mohd12,Ali Ashraf5,Uddin Md. Sahab67ORCID,Bilgrami Anwar L.89,Perveen Asma10,Husain Amjad101112,Tarique Mohd13,Hafeez Abdul14,Alexiou Athanasios1516,Ahmad Ausaf17,Kumar Rajnish17ORCID,Banu Naheed18,Najda Agnieszka19ORCID,Sayed Amany A.20,Albadrani Ghadeer M.21,Abdel-Daim Mohamed M.22ORCID,Peluso Ilaria23,Barreto George E.2425ORCID

Affiliation:

1. King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2. Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

3. Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt

4. National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

5. Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy

6. Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

7. Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh

8. Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 018901, USA

9. Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

10. Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India

11. Centre for Science and Society, IISER Bhopal, India

12. Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship, IISER Bhopal, India

13. Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA

14. Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India

15. Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, New South Wales, Australia

16. AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria

17. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India

18. Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia

19. Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

20. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

21. Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia

22. Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt

23. Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00142 Rome, Italy

24. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

25. Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Abstract

The brain is a sexually dimorphic organ that implies different functions and structures depending on sex. Current pharmacological approaches against different neurological diseases act distinctly in male and female brains. In all neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), sex-related outcomes regarding pathogenesis, prevalence, and response to treatments indicate that sex differences are important for precise diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. Pathogenesis of AD includes vascular dementia, and in most cases, this is accompanied by metabolic complications with similar features as those assembled in diabetes. This review discusses how AD-associated dementia and diabetes affect cognition in relation to sex difference, as both diseases share similar pathological mechanisms. We highlight potential protective strategies to mitigate amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathogenesis, emphasizing how these drugs act in the male and female brains.

Funder

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

Cell Biology,Aging,General Medicine,Biochemistry

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