Immune Homeostasis: New Role of Micro- and Macroelements, Healthy Microbiota

Abstract

The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. Immune homeostasis is the balance between immunological tolerance and inflammatory immune responses — a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. A healthy microbiota is the qualitative and quantitative ratio of diverse microbes of individual organs and systems, maintaining the biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium of the macroorganism necessary to preserve human health. The studies of P. I. Romanchuk found that the microbiota is a key element potentially capable of influencing antigen functions to induce a protective immune response and the ability of the immune system to adequately respond to antigenic stimulation (vaccine efficacy) by acting as an immunological modulator as well as a natural vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system play a crucial role, especially at an early age (early gut microbiota forms immunological functions). New interactions, along with other genetic and environmental factors, lead to a certain composition and richness of the microbiota, which can diversify the individual response to vaccinations. Variations in microbial communities may explain the geographical effectiveness of vaccination. Modern technologies for quantifying the specific and functional characteristics of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, along with fundamental and new concepts in the field of immunology, have revealed numerous ways in which the interaction of the host and microbiota proceeds favorably, neutrally or unfavorably. The gut microbiota has a strong influence on the shape and quality of the immune system, respectively, the immune system determines the composition and localization of the microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota directly modulates intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. The new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of the “brain and microbiota” is a patient's long-term medical program that allows the combined use of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and most importantly, an increase in the protective mechanisms of immunity.