1. Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama Kanagawa 240‐8501 Japan
2. Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology the University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo 153‐8904 Japan
3. Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Hans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 2, Freising Germany
4. Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Doktorberg 6, 83471 Germany
5. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama Kanagawa 240‐8501 Japan