1. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA.
2. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.
3. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T IZ2, Canada.
4. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
5. School of Forestry and Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.