Augmenting geological field mapping with real-time, 3-D digital outcrop scanning and modeling

Abstract

Abstract Hand scanners are compact, lightweight, and capable of generating 3-D digital models. Although they do not compare to conventional methods (terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry) in terms of coverage, resolution, and accuracy, they offer increased mobility, speed, and real-time processing capabilities in the field. This study investigates the use of hand scanners for real-time, 3-D digital outcrop modeling to augment geological field mapping campaigns and highlights the advantages and the limitations. The utility of incorporating hand scanners as an additional tool for augmenting geological mapping is assessed based on 41 outcrop scans from the Gould Lake area, which is located 20 km north of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The 3-D digital outcrop models gathered included two distinct metamorphic lithologies (marble and quartzofeldspathic gneiss) measuring up to 2.5 m high × 7 m long with an average surface area of 18 m2. This average scan size would take less than 10 min to capture, result in ~18 million individual points per scan, and provide a spatial resolution of ~1 cm for outcrop features. Throughout the course of the investigation, the main benefit of capturing multiple 3-D digital outcrop models was the ability to integrate this real-time, in situ geospatial, and geologic information across multiple visualization scales. This utility and retention of outcrop-scale geospatial information was shown to enhance the understanding of multi-scale geological relationships.