Semi-quantum digital signature protocol based on Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering

Abstract

Abstract We present a new semi-quantum signature protocol which is suitable for participant without quantum capabilities to communicate securely. In addition, the application of EPR steering is first extended to the field of quantum digital signature in our protocol. On the one hand, in order to avoid attacks by attackers, our protocol allows one participant to determine the identity of the other, if the steering conditions for EPR steering are satisfied. On the other hand, original message can be transmitted between participants via EPR steering. Moreover, our scheme is simple to implement and more efficient. The security analysis shows that our protocol can avoid the attack of deny, forgery and entangle-measure.