Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed
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Published:2019-08-19
Issue:36
Volume:116
Page:17867-17873
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ISSN:0027-8424
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Container-title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
Author:
Komatsu Kimberly J.ORCID, Avolio Meghan L., Lemoine Nathan P., Isbell Forest, Grman Emily, Houseman Gregory R., Koerner Sally E., Johnson David S., Wilcox Kevin R., Alatalo Juha M.ORCID, Anderson John P., Aerts Rien, Baer Sara G., Baldwin Andrew H., Bates Jonathan, Beierkuhnlein Carl, Belote R. Travis, Blair John, Bloor Juliette M. G.ORCID, Bohlen Patrick J., Bork Edward W., Boughton Elizabeth H., Bowman William D., Britton Andrea J., Cahill James F., Chaneton Enrique, Chiariello Nona R., Cheng Jimin, Collins Scott L.ORCID, Cornelissen J. Hans C., Du Guozhen, Eskelinen Anu, Firn JenniferORCID, Foster Bryan, Gough Laura, Gross Katherine, Hallett Lauren M.ORCID, Han Xingguo, Harmens Harry, Hovenden Mark J., Jagerbrand Annika, Jentsch Anke, Kern Christel, Klanderud Kari, Knapp Alan K., Kreyling Juergen, Li Wei, Luo Yiqi, McCulley Rebecca L., McLaren Jennie R.ORCID, Megonigal J. Patrick, Morgan John W., Onipchenko Vladimir, Pennings Steven C., Prevéy Janet S.ORCID, Price Jodi N., Reich Peter B., Robinson Clare H., Russell F. Leland, Sala Osvaldo E.ORCID, Seabloom Eric W.ORCID, Smith Melinda D., Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A., Souza Lara, Suding Katherine, Suttle K. Blake, Svejcar Tony, Tilman DavidORCID, Tognetti Pedro, Turkington Roy, White Shannon, Xu Zhuwen, Yahdjian LauraORCID, Yu Qiang, Zhang Pengfei, Zhang Yunhai
Abstract
Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.
Funder
National Science Foundation
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Subject
Multidisciplinary
Cited by
139 articles.
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