1. School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health,
2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), and
3. Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
5. Department of Public Health Studies, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, Texas, USA