1. (1) Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 2006 version, White Paper on Fire Defense (in Japanese), (2006).
2. (2) PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels Operation (C3.3), Systems and Equipment for Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, (2007).
3. (3) Thomas, P.H., The Movement of Smoke in Horizontal Passage Against an Air Flow, Fire Research Note No. 723 (1968), Fire Research Station.
4. (4) Danziger, N.H. and Kennedy, W.D., Longitudinal Ventilation Analysis for the Glenwood Canyon Tunnels, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels (1982), pp. 169-186.
5. Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires