Coordination of Plastid Protein Import and Nuclear Gene Expression by Plastid-to-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling

Author:

Kakizaki Tomohiro1,Matsumura Hideo1,Nakayama Katsuhiro1,Che Fang-Sik1,Terauchi Ryohei1,Inaba Takehito1

Affiliation:

1. The 21st Century Centers of Excellence Program, Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan (T.K., K.N., T.I.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024–0003, Japan (H.M., R.T.); and Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526–0829, Japan (F.-S.C.)

Abstract

Abstract Expression of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins and import of those proteins into plastids are indispensable for plastid biogenesis. One possible cellular mechanism that coordinates these two essential processes is retrograde signaling from plastids to the nucleus. However, the molecular details of how this signaling occurs remain elusive. Using the plastid protein import2 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which lacks the atToc159 protein import receptor, we demonstrate that the expression of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes is tightly coordinated with their import into plastids. Down-regulation of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes is also observed in mutants lacking other components of the plastid protein import apparatus. Genetic studies indicate that the coordination of plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression is independent of proposed plastid signaling pathways such as the accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX and the activity of ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4). Instead, it may involve GUN1 and the transcription factor AtGLK. The expression level of AtGLK1 is tightly correlated with the expression of photosynthesis-related nuclear genes in mutants defective in plastid protein import. Furthermore, the activity of GUN1 appears to down-regulate the expression of AtGLK1 when plastids are dysfunctional. Based on these data, we suggest that defects in plastid protein import generate a signal that represses photosynthesis-related nuclear genes through repression of AtGLK1 expression but not through activation of ABI4.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Plant Science,Genetics,Physiology

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