1. The State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. The Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles, Beijing 100081, China e-mail:
3. The State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China e-mail:
4. The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China e-mail:
5. Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney 2070, Australia e-mail: