Affiliation:
1. Department of Endocrinology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
2. Postgraduate School of Bioethics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract
There is a consensus that adequate calcium intake during bone development, and possibly in adulthood and senescence, helps to prevent bone resorption and osteoporosis. The uptake of dietary calcium should be sufficient to maintain both normal serum calcium concentrations and parathyroid hormone levels in the low normal range throughout the day, otherwise, increased bone resorption occurs. Calcium intake varies with race and with environmental and dietary conditions. Estimating the appropriate amount of calcium to be added to dietary sources for an optimal supplementation regimen is therefore difficult. Few intervention studies have evaluated the dose-effect relationship for calcium supplementation conclusively. The mechanisms regulating fractional calcium absorption as a function of intake suggest that very high daily doses are probably useless. They may be unsafe in the long term because of the risks of hypercalciuria and kidney stones, and of an imbalance in the ratio of calcium to magnesium. Concomitant supplementation with limited amounts of magnesium may reduce this risk and improve mineralization. Dietary intake is 500 − 600 mg/day in most studies, making 400 mg/day an appropriate supplementary dose for most premenopausal women (RDA 1000 mg/day). After the menopause and during lactation (RDA 1200 − 1500 mg/day), 800 mg/day is probably appropriate, particularly if low doses of vitamin D are taken concomitantly.
Subject
Biochemistry (medical),Cell Biology,Biochemistry,General Medicine
Reference75 articles.
1. Calcium in evolutionary perspective
2. Optimal Calcium Intake
3. Development of clinical practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
4. Subcommittee on the tenth edition of the RDAs, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances: Minerals, 10th Edn. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989, pp 174–185.
Cited by
19 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献