Systemic Power

Abstract

Niklas Luhmann’s theory of power is based on two fundamental pillars. First, he analyzes power functionally as a symbolically generalized medium of communication, which endows his conception of power with a strong evolutionary foundation. Second, he claims that power is constitutively tied to negative sanctions. Drawing upon Michel Foucault’s analytics of power, the article is a critical examination of Luhmann’s theory of power. In particular, Foucault’s critique of the so-called discourse of sovereignty is transformed into an immanent critique of the second pillar in Luhmann’s theory of power. The argument is that this pillar is converse to Luhmann’s evolutionary theoretical objectives, as it reinstalls an Old-European semantics of power. The article contends that systems theory would better redeem its historical goals if it focused primarily upon the functional dimension of power. It is argued that this conceptual revision endows systems theory with a more flexible perspective on power that is both attentive to historical transformations of how power is exercised, and which still carries a strong link to a general theory of society and its evolution. In the article, this openness is demonstrated through a systemic reconstruction of Foucault’s notion of subjectification which, in its Luhmannian version, is coined semantic intrusion.