Complications of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Use: Does the Final Position of the IABP Tip Matter?

Abstract

We report results of a retrospective review of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use in two Australasian centres and evaluate the effect of final IABP tip position on outcome. Indications for counterpulsation, patient demographics and in-hospital outcomes and complications were retrospectively collected. The chest X-ray reports provided the ‘final’ position of the IABP tip. The position was defined as acceptable (tip was seen just below the aortic arch, at T2–T5 vertebrae), malpositioned (tip >5 cm below aortic arch or at T5–T6) or severely malpositioned (tip >10 cm below aortic arch or at T7 or below). Major complications were considered a composite of death secondary to IABP, major limb ischaemia, major IABP malfunction, balloon rupture or haemorrhage, severe renal dysfunction (rise in creatinine >200 μmol/l), stroke and mesenteric ischaemia. Six hundred and forty-five cases were reviewed. The overall major complication rate was 26.2% and 24.3%. Severe renal impairment was the most common complication (16.6%), and second, severe catheter dysfunction (5.4%). Final IABP position was acceptable in 39.9%, malpositioned in 11.1%, severely malpositioned in 6.7% and unavailable for 42.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed IABP tip malposition (compared with satisfactory position odds ratio=3.9 [95% confidence interval=2.0–7.6, P <0.001] and severely malpositioned odds ratio=13.0 [95% confidence interval=5.3–31.7, P <0.001]) were associated with major complications more than the presence of shock (odds ratio=3.8, confidence interval 2.1–6.8 P <0.001). The acceptance of a less than ideal final position was highly predictive of morbidity directly related to IABP device therapy.