An Approach to a General Theory of Surface Condensers

Abstract

The main objective of the paper is to investigate the phenomena governing the rates of condensation in surface condensers. Analytical methods were devised by which modern concepts in heat and mass transfer can conveniently be applied to such an investigation. The effects of actual gross rate of condensation on the heat transfer, the influence of the mode of drainage (whether by film or by drops), the effect of steam velocity, the axial variation of heat transfer along condenser tubes, the effects of air or other non-condensable gas concentration and the interaction of these various phenomena were studied not only with regard to heat transfer but also flow resistance and pressure drop. Some of the concepts and techniques are novel and some original theory is developed in appendixes by way of explanation and justification. These methods have the advantage of being convenient for design calculations and for determining parameters on the basis of experimental results. It is admitted that some of the ideas put forward are not yet proven but it is hoped that, in view of their convenience for practical use, they will stimulate research and design investigation.