Nanocomposites containing polyvinyl alcohol and reinforced carbon-based nanofiller

Abstract

A new class of biologically active polymer nanocomposites based on polyvinyl alcohol and reinforced mixed graphene/carbon nanotube as carbon-based nanofillers with a general abbreviation (polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes) has been successfully synthesized by an efficient solution mixing method with the help of ultrasonic radiation. Mixed graphene and carbon nanotubes ratio has been prepared (50%:50%) wt by wt. Different loading of mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were added to the host polyvinyl alcohol polymer. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesa–e nanocomposites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and the thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermal gravimetric. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction spectra proved the addition of mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes into polyvinyl alcohol matrix. X-ray diffraction patterns for these nanocomposites showed 2 θ = 19.35° and 40° due to the crystal nature of polyvinyl alcohol in addition to 2 θ = 26.5° which attributed to the graphite plane of carbon-based nanofillers. Thermal stability of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubes nanocomposites was enhanced comparing with pure polyvinyl alcohol. The main degradation step ranged between 360° and 450°C. Moreover, maximum composite degradation temperature has appeared at range from 285°C to 267°C and final composite degradation temperature (FCDT) displayed at a temperature range of 469–491°C. Antibacterial property of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesa–e nanocomposites were tested against Escherichia coli bacteria using the colony forming units technique. Results showed an improvement of antibacterial property. The rate percentages of polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesb, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesc, and polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubesd nanocomposites after 24 h are 6%, 5%, and 7% respectively. However, polyvinyl alcohol/mixed graphene–carbon nanotubese nanocomposite showed hyperactivity, where its reduction percentage remarkably raised up to 100% which is the highest inhibition rate percentage. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol/graphene–carbon nanotubesa–d showed colony forming units values/ml 70 × 106 and 65 ± 2 × 106 after 12 h. After 24 h, the colony forming units values/ml were in the range of 86 × 106–95 × 106.