Affiliation:
1. Newborn Intensive Care Unit, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
2. Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
3. School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Practice, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Abstract
Background: The feeding patterns of healthy newborns have been poorly described. Research Aim: To determine the feeding patterns of healthy term newborns soon after birth, and if these differed with sex, gestation, and mode of birth. Methods: This study was a prospective, longitudinal observational cohort study. Term, appropriately grown newborns ( N = 66) were fed according to maternal choice and details were recorded. Data were analyzed using generalized Poisson regression for feeding frequencies, and mixed model regression of log-transformed data for durations. Results: The participants completing the study had a M = 3589 g ( SD = 348 g) birthweight, with a gestation age of M = 40.1 (1.2) weeks. All participants were breastfed; 23 (35%) also received expressed human milk and 10 (15%) received formula. Participants had fewer feeding sessions on Day 1, ( M = 7.3 [1.9] sessions/day) increasing to ( M = 9.4 [2.4] sessions/day) by Day 3, then reducing to ( M = 9.0 [2.2] sessions/day) on Day 5, p < .001. The overall duration of breastfeeding sessions varied widely ( Mdn = 29 [range = 1–447] min). Feed frequency but not duration was higher in males than females ( M = 8.9, SE = 0.2 vs. 8.1, 02, sessions/day, p = .03), in newborns born ≥ 40 weeks’ gestation ( M = 8.9, SE = 0.3 vs. 8.2, 02, sessions/day, p = .04), and in newborns born by Caesarean section ( M = 9.4, SE = 0.3 vs. 8.4, 02, sessions/day, for vaginal birth, p = .003). Conclusion: Feeding patterns of healthy term newborns vary widely, but frequency increases during the first 3 days, and is greater in males, newborns born late term, and born by Caesarean section. Clinical Trial Registration: The Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Ref: ACTRN12615000986572. The study protocol is available online: http://hdl.handle.net/2292/32066
Subject
Obstetrics and Gynecology
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