Anatomy, Classification, and Management of Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolar Fragment: A Literature Review

Abstract

The posterior malleolar fragment is frequently involved in rotational ankle fractures, but diagnosis and definitive management remains controversial. Ankle fractures with a posterior malleolar component that are not identified and treated in a timely manner may contribute significantly to future comorbidities, including continued pain, instability, and the development of arthritis. This article highlights the anatomic features of posterior malleolar ankle fractures, the classification schemes used, and discusses the various nonsurgical and surgical methods currently used.Level of Evidence:Level V, expert opinion.