1. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
2. Names in reverse alphabetical order; authors contributed equally to this work. We would like to thank Chris Clark, Frank Baumgartner, and participants at the 2022 Midwest Political Science Association for feedback on earlier drafts of this project. We would also like to thank research assistants Tena Beard, Ivanna Bell, Christian Correa, Katie Craig, Libby Doyle, Jackson Hill, Sarah McAdon, Audrey Sapirstein, Tana Stamper, Kathryn Thacker, and Caitlin Young for collecting information on the police chiefs...
3. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA