Association between interarm blood pressure differences and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Background: The effect of interarm blood pressure difference on the development of diabetic retinopathy, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease remains unknown. We investigated to determine the impact of interarm blood pressure difference on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study included 563 patients with diabetes, who were evaluated with a simultaneous bilateral blood pressure measurement. The cutoff values for interarm blood pressure difference were 5, 10 and 15 mmHg. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relation between interarm blood pressure difference and diabetic retinopathy, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease. Results: Diabetic patients with systolic interarm blood pressure difference ⩾5, ⩾10 and ⩾15 mmHg showed an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy [adjusted odds ratio = 1.48 (95% confidence interval = 1.01–2.18), odds ratio = 1.80 (95% confidence interval = 0.99–3.22), odds ratio = 2.29 (95% confidence interval = 1.00–5.23)] after adjustment. There were significant associations between interarm blood pressure difference ⩾5 and ⩾10 mmHg and proteinuria [odds ratio = 1.68 (95% confidence interval = 1.15–2.44), 1.89 (95% confidence interval = 1.05–3.37)]. Conclusion: The association between interarm blood pressure difference and the presence of diabetic retinopathy emerged even for systolic interarm blood pressure difference ⩾5 mmHg without interaction of systolic blood pressure. Systolic interarm blood pressure difference should be considered a surrogate marker for vascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes.